Fwd: Experiment: Measuring the runtime of light as a function of the gravitational field
Experimental Confirmation that Gravity affects the Sagnac Interferometer
Many thanks to Bernhard for these interesting remarks. The answers to any question in dynamics and orbit theory are always contained within equations (10) and (11) of Note 420(2), the equations of motion in m theory of all dynamical systems in the plane polar coordinates (r, phi). These can be developed in any coordinate system. As you probably know, they have been integrated numerically by Horst as in UFT417 ff. to give many very interesting results. The function m(r) is not known a priori because we are not using the Einstein field equation to constrain it to the Schwarzschild 1 = r0 / r. In Note 420(1) the Einstein theory is completely refuted using the velocity curve of a whirlpool galaxy, so it should no longer be used. In UFT419 the Einstein theory is completely refuted (by a factor of a hundred) using the S2 orbit. So it can be any function of the general spherical spacetime as defined in Carroll’s free online notes to "Spacetime and Geometry: an Introduction to General Relativity". To answer any question about dynamics or orbit theory, the system to be solved is defined (for example the pendulum) and the equations of motion solved. It seems that the Sagnac effect has indeed been used to measure gravity, which is all that is needed. The Sagnac effect is simply changed to delta t = 4 Ar omega / ((m(r) c squared), which means that it is affected by gravity as observed experimentally. In the Einstein theory m(r) = 1 – r0 / r, but in m theory m(r) can be any function of r. In fact m theory is based directly on the well known infinitesimal line element of the most general spherical spacetime. I am not sure what is meant by a zero area Sagnac interferometer, or ring laser gyro. We need the opposite, a very large area made up of tens of thousands of windings of a thin optical fibre in order to maximize the area of the interferometer, and to maximize its sensitivity.
Dear Myron
I am glad that you like my idea. But, to be honest, this idea came just from the joke with the cuckoo clock. I think, before ‘my invention’ a lot of inventors and physicists had similar or much better ideas to measure the gravity – mostly without a built-in cuckoo. 😉 Of course, the method is practicable, but for precise measurements it is better to drop a mirror in a vacuum vessel and use a laser interferometer for directly determining the acceleration. Here for example an industrial manufactured device:
http://microglacoste.com/product/a10-outdoor-absolute-gravimeter/
Your search text leads, among others, to
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.08653.pdf
Is this what you mean? From ‘zero-area’ Sagnac interferometers I read already. Obviously this devices are insensitive for rotation, but why they should be sensitive to gravity is unclear to me yet. I will look for more infos.
One problem persists – from my point of view – similar to the measurement of a time using a clock at the same position as the experiment:
Using a gravimeter, we measure the gravity at this special location. Because the earth is neither an exact sphere nor an exact ellipsoid of revolution, we cannot compute an expected value and then compare it with the measured value. Therefore, I see no way to separate the measured value – internally a light runtime, an interference shift, a pendulum period, a spring expansion – into the ‘real’ part directly proportional to the gravity, and a ‘deviation’ part caused by m(r). We should have access to a measuring method independent from m(r) and another method with the wanted dependence.
A question about your theory: As far as I know, in many theories some unknown constants occur. For example, after finding the proportionality ‘force proportional M m / r²’ one can define a constant G with ‘force = G M m / r²’, what directly leads to a measurement method for this constant: Measure the force and compute G = force r² / (M m). Surprisingly for me, the m(r) is a unknown function and not simply a constant. Why the function is not derivable from the theory?
best wishes,
Bernhard
Myron Evans schrieb am 28.11.2018 um 07:52:
Many thanks for this idea of the pendulum and atomic clocks. By all means go ahead and try the experiment. The overall aim is to measure the m function, so any method will be interesting. I don’t think that it is necessary to measure the run time itself, but I think it will be necessary to maximize the precision of any method used. If one googles "gravitation and the Sagnac effect" or similar it is found that the Sagnac effect has been proposed for measuring gravitational waves. In the commercial Sagnac interferometer or ring laser gyro, delta t = 4 Ar omega / c squared as you know. The m function simply changes delta t to delta t / m. The area Ar can be maximized by using many turns of a fibre optic and the angular velocity capital mega can be maximized by spinning the platform to high speeds. If m depends on gravity it will be different at sea level and at high altitude in an aircraft or satellite. In conditions of zero gravity on board a spacecraft, the effect is maximized. So if m is gravity dependent then delta t should change slightly with gravity as in UFT145 to UFT147. In the Sagnac interferometer the timing is measured with interferometry, and not with atomic clocks, so there is no problem. The m theory would have to be applied to pendulum theory to see how it changes the equations of the pendulum. This can be done with the lagrangian or hamiltonian. So this is very interesting.
Dear Myron
As it looks like, you suggest the use of a Sagnac interferometer instead of a circulating light pulse. Of course, this interferometer uses circulating light too, but it measures only a difference between two times (or run lengths) via interference and not the run time itself. If the goal of the experiment is measuring the run time in dependence of the gravitation, is it not much easier to measure the time instead of the difference of two times varying in the same sense?
But the main problem – from my point of view – is not solved yet: If we use an atomic clock for measuring the time the light needs to travel, and if we put the experiment together with the atomic clock in a different gravitational field, how can we ensure that only the orbital period changes, but not the running of the atomic clock?
By the way, your joke with the cuckoo clock brings me an idea for a gravimeter: This revolutionary device consists of an atomic clock and a high precision cuckoo clock (the cuckoo may be omitted, but the pendulum is essential). Both time displays are compared to each other. Because the pendulum depends directly from the gravity, and the atoms nearly not, the comparison immediately gives a measurement of the gravity field. 😉
best wishes,
BernhardMyron Evans schrieb am 27.11.2018 um 10:41:
The Gyrogravimeter from m theory
Dear Bernhard,
This is very interesting. The relevant equation is Eq. (14) of the attached, the Sagnac effect in m theory, where m can be any function of the distance R0 to the centre of the earth (UFT145 to UFT147). It is the basic equation of an instrument that I referred to as the gyrogravimeter. It simply needs a conventional, high accuracy, Sagnac interferometer, made up of as many loops as possible of a fibre optic wire, so the area is maximized and the instrumental accuracy maximized. For example ten thousand loops increases the area by a factor of ten thousand and increases the time difference by a factor of ten thousand for a given angular velocity of platform rotation. Then this portable and compact gyrogravimeter can be used at sea level and top of high mountain such as the restaurant at the top of the Jungfrau in Switzerland. Your clocks will be more accurate than a cuckoo clock. In general m can be any function of R0. The Einsteinian general relativity uses the function (15). So this experiment can test the Einstein theory, which is known to be completely obsolete. The portable gyrogravimeter can be used to measure the gravity at any point on earth or space, and is useful for geology, prospecting, and so on. The Einstein theory fails completely in a whirlpool galaxy as is well known. This is shown quite simply in UFT420(1). It has just been shown to fail completely in the S2 star, by a factor of a hundred. So this would be an important experiment.
I am not sure if Swiss restaurants are equipped with cuckoo clocks, so your timing devices would be orders of magnitude more accurate.Myron
Dear Myron
Some weeks ago, Horst asked me about the construction of an experiment you suggested. As I understood, the time taken for a light ray to orbit around a ring (or a polygon constructed of mirrors) is to be measured, depending on the distance to the center of the earth, that is, on the strength of the surrounding gravitational field. More general, it seems to be about different physical processes whose timing could be dependent on the gravity.
Of course, I am happy to help with the project, to create the design and to set up and execute the experiment. I have some cesium atomic clocks; maybe their accuracy is sufficient.
However, I have a question about this:
According to Einstein, the run of the clock (the time itself) is dependent on the strength of the gravitational field too, and also depends on the speed of movement, which increases in mid-latitudes with the height above the ground. Therefore, the orbital period of the light in the experiment can not be measured at all using a clock located near by the experiment – unless your theory predicts a different behaviour. The only thing that comes to my mind is to just move the experiment to different locations, but always leave the clock in the same place. For the measurement then a radio connection would be necessary. What is your suggestion?
best wishes,
BernhardPS: Do you need some more animations for astronomical or other purposes? (See our previous correspondence below.)
Unified Physics Institute of Technology 
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